<1 second long Echoic Memory a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds Short Term Memory Capacity and Duration can hold 7 +- 2 items for 20 seconds Sperling's Report whole report 44% recall. 5 second Hepatic memory a momentary sensory memory of physical stimuli (touch) Peg words, chunking, method of loci, hierarchy Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically Method of Loci use of familiar locations as cues to recall items that have been associated with them Iconic Memory fleeting photographic memory. information deemed relevant and meaningful to me is more memorable Imagery the ability to form mental images of things or events Rosy Retrospection recalling high points (extremes) while forgetting mundane moments of experience Mnemonic Device memory aids our earliest memories Acoustic Encoding the encoding of sound, especially the sound of wordsĮnhances memorability Semantic Encoding encoding the meaning MOST EFFECTIVE IN MEMORY Self Reference Effect a form of semantic encoding. Visual Encoding the encoding of picture images. Primacy Effect The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes first in a sequence. 355) Testing Effect repeated quizzing of previously studied material also helps recall "active repetition" Serial Position Effect our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list Recency Effect The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes last in a sequence. Spacing effect the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. Select, identify, label, rehearse Rehearsal the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage Ebbinghaus created the "forgetting curve"- much of what we learn we may quickly forget, course of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time learned lists of nonsense syllabus and measured how much he retained when relearning each lists. 354) produces durable/accessible memories. Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of space, time, frequency and well learned information Effortful Processing encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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